{"id":15003,"date":"2026-05-27T20:38:11","date_gmt":"2026-05-27T20:38:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/usvietnamcenter.uoregon.edu\/?p=15003"},"modified":"2026-05-30T00:27:47","modified_gmt":"2026-05-30T00:27:47","slug":"12-ban-the-federalist","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/usvietnamcenter.uoregon.edu\/12-ban-the-federalist\/","title":{"rendered":"12 B\u1ea3n The Federalist"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u201c12 B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a The\u00a0Federalist\u00a0Papers: Nh\u1eefng Ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u00e2n.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0<\/p>\n

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T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3:\u00a0Alexander\u00a0Hamilton,\u00a0James\u00a0Madison,\u00a0and\u00a0John\u00a0Jay\u00a0<\/p>\n

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D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3: Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3ng S\u01a1n\u00a0<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch c\u00f3 b\u00e1n online (b\u1ea5m v\u00e0o link d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 mua): Hard Cover<\/a>, Soft Cover<\/a><\/p>\n

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L\u1eddi\u00a0Gi\u1edbi Thi\u1ec7u\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Trung T\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u Vi\u1ec7t-M\u1ef9 h\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3ng S\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201c12 B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a The Federalist Papers: Nh\u1eefng Ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u00e2n.\u201d \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong n\u0103m 1787-1788 c\u1ee7a Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, v\u00e0 John Jay, l\u00e0 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, g\u1ecdi chung trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 \u201cThe Federalist” ho\u1eb7c\u202f<\/em>\u201cThe\u00a0Federalist\u00a0Papers\u201d (FP),\u00a0gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf\u00a0l\u00e0m\u00a0n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho\u00a0ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9\u00a0d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1ef9.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Khi Li\u00ean bang M\u1ef9 ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a 13 ti\u1ec3u bang, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch nh\u1ecf, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u00edt, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f2n thua c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u01a1 khai\u202fth\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1eddi trung \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u202fhi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u202fra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch trong g\u1ea7n 250 n\u0103m qua, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu,\u202fni\u1ec1m h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi\u202fcho nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c ra \u0111\u1eddi sau n\u00f3. S\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 74 n\u0103m) ch\u1ee9ng minh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf do h\u1ecd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Anh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, h\u1ecd tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang cho \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean bang l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, v\u00e0 John Jay vi\u1ebft the Federalist Papers \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Qua t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n do d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phe \u0111\u1ea3ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y d\u1eabn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 Paper s\u1ed1 51 vi\u1ebft,<\/p>\n

“Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi? N\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd th\u1eeba. N\u1ebfu thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ea3 trong l\u1eabn ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng khi ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec nan gi\u1ea3i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: \u0111<\/span><\/span>\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb; ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.\u201d<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u00a0l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n,\u00a0v\u00e0 v\u1ec1\u00a0b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 x\u1ea5u\u00a0tu\u1ef3\u00a0theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh: \u201cl\u00f2ng ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh\u201d\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0\u201c\u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh\u201d (FP\u00a0 66) xen l\u1eabn v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi \u201c\u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c\u201d (FP 78)\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ch\u1eb1n th\u00f9 l\u1eabn nhau\u201d (FP 10). V\u00ec v\u1eady,\u00a0th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp sao cho c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u,\u00a0d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n\u00a0tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3,\u00a0b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf\u00a0t\u1ed1i \u0111a. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0n\u00f3i chung\u00a0ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u00e2n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng, k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n chia cho nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t trong t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

“B\u1ea5t c\u01b0\u0301 ai t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ky\u0303 c\u00e0ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00f4\u0323 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, r\u1eb1ng, trong m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n co\u0301 s\u01b0\u0323 chia t\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, do ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u00f4\u0323 ph\u1eadn \u00edt nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p; b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u hay \u0111a\u0309 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ban ph\u00e1t danh ph\u1ea9m1<\/sup>\u00a0m\u00e0\u00a0c\u00f2n\u00a0thu\u0309\u00a0\u0111\u1eafc\u00a0c\u1ea3\u00a0l\u01b0\u1ee1i\u00a0g\u01b0\u01a1m\u00a0tr\u1eebng\u00a0ph\u1ea1t\u00a0chung2<\/sup>. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u00fai ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u1eb3ng co\u0301 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec t\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee1i g\u01b0\u01a1m hay h\u1ea7u bao; c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c co\u0301 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn g\u00ec t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh hay c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a xa\u0303 h\u1ed9i; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u00ea\u0309 l\u00e0m ra m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft nghi\u0323 g\u00ec. Th\u1ef1c s\u01b0\u0323 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ch\u1eb3ng co\u0301 L\u1ef0C c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng co\u0301 CH\u00cd, ch\u1ec9 co\u0301 m\u1ed7i quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t; v\u00e0, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i co\u0301 tr\u01a1\u0323 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00ea\u0309 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t co\u0301 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c.\u202f<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i ra m\u1ed9t s\u00f4\u0301 \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng sau \u0111\u00e2y. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u00f5, r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n so s\u00e1nh, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t trong ba b\u00f4\u0323 ph\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c (1); r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u01a1\u0300 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i hai b\u00f4\u0323 ph\u1eadn kia; v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u01b0\u0323 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ea7n co\u0301 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap cho n\u00f3 co\u0301 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u0323 v\u00ea\u0323 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a hai b\u00f4\u0323 ph\u1eadn kia\u2026 (2). V\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111o\u0301, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u0323 do kh\u00f4ng co\u0301 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i e ng\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, song s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n coi ch\u1eebng s\u01b0\u0323 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00f4\u0323 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c; r\u1eb1ng do m\u1ecdi \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u00ea\u0301 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 do s\u01b0\u0323 l\u00ea\u0323 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a b\u00f4\u0323 ph\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00f4\u0323 ph\u1eadn sau b\u1ea5t k\u00ea\u0309 ch\u00fang \u0111a\u0303 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia t\u00e1ch r\u00f5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang; r\u1eb1ng do s\u01b0\u0323 y\u1ebfu \u1edbt t\u01b0\u0323 nhi\u00ean, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng do c\u00e1c ch\u00e8n \u00e9p, d\u1ecda d\u1eabm, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p; v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng do kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u01b0\u0323 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng s\u01b0\u0323 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n \u2013 v\u00ec v\u1eady ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u00f4\u0301 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f4\u0323 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec cho c\u00f4ng ly\u0301 v\u00e0 an ninh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng.\u201d\u202f(FP 78)\u202f\u00a0<\/p>\n

Do l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p\u00a0nh\u01b0ng\u00a0c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n trong\u00a0ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p\u00a0c\u1ea7n c\u00f3\u00a0\u201cnhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c\u201d\u00a0(t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai nh\u00e1nh kia. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y theo t\u00f4i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng\u00a0ho\u00e0\u00a0(kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c) b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a FP kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 khi h\u1ecd b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan d\u00e2n c\u1eed. B\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7:\u00a0<\/p>\n

“V\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu cho t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u1eady \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 [H\u1ea1 Vi\u1ec7n] ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi kh\u00e1c.\u201d (FP 52)\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp,\u00a0c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u00a0k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 H\u1ea1\u00a0ngh\u1ecb\u00a0s\u0129\u00a0c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i trong 2 n\u0103m\u00a0thay v\u00ec 1 n\u0103m. N\u1ebfu l\u00e2u h\u01a1n th\u00ec h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb xa d\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7\u00a0th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch\u00a0lu\u1ef9\u00a0ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i giao, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u00a0nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a\u00a0c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt (FP 53).\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a FP, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t (FP 62).\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

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D\u00f9 v\u1eady, th\u1eddi gian 2 n\u0103m v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u00e1c H\u1ea1 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt,\u201d v\u00ec \u201cph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn hi\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c trau d\u1ed3i, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d (FP 62). V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 l\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Trong khi H\u1ea1 Vi\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n d\u00e2n n\u00ean H\u1ea1 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang trong Li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7, n\u00ean Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y\u00a0ch\u00fang\u00a0t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i n\u00e9t m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng\u00a0ho\u00e0\u00a0trong FP, qua 12 b\u1ea3n do\u00a0\u00f4ng\u00a0Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3ng S\u01a1n ch\u1ecdn d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n chia, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0\u00a0s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169 d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn hay v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y h\u1ebft\u00a0\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u01a1n B\u00e1c s\u0129 Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng\u00a0ho\u00e0\u00a0n\u00e0y\u00a0sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e2y\u00a0r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i kh\u00e1 kh\u00f4 khan, \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa,\u00a0nh\u1eefng t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xa l\u1ea1, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb ng\u1eef trong ti\u1ebfng Anh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea3n ch\u00ed. Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho d\u1ecbch\u00a0gi\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i tin \u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n ch\u00e0o b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hay th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng\u00a0ho\u00e0\u00a0\u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng mong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc trong khoa Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.\u00a0C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a\u00a0t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\u00a0n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hay th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng\u00a0ho\u00e0.\u00a0Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tin ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed9ng\u00a0ho\u00e0,\u00a0c\u0169ng\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 FP 70 v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p n\u00ean do 1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Alexander Hamilton ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“[Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7] m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i [m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng trong] H\u00e0nh Ph\u00e1p \u2026 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng che gi\u1ea5u sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m\u2026[T]\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong H\u00e0nh Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho vi\u1ec7c d\u00f2 t\u00ecm sai ph\u1ea1m… Trong c\u00e1c sai ph\u1ea1m chung, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ai l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t cho m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ed3i. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 d\u1ea1ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. C\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi sai l\u1ea7m ho\u1eb7c tai h\u1ecda cho qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 can d\u1ef1 \u1edf nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5, v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh sai l\u1ea1c, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ai s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u0129nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

\u2026<\/p>\n

[K]hi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb m\u01b0u m\u1eb9o d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u00e2u t\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u00e2m m\u01b0u chung n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi; ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, do ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb theo r\u00f5i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qui t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u2026. [Th\u00eam n\u1eefa,] l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho danh s\u00e1ch chi ti\u00eau c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f5ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n l\u1edbn m\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 m\u00f9 m\u1edd.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Khi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng\u00a0u\u1ef7\u00a0c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p. C\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng\u00a0kinh nghi\u1ec7m\u00a0ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a\u00a0Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u00a0th\u00f4i\u00a0cho th\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 che d\u1ea5u tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u00a0trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng.\u00a0Khi b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong\u00a0ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch\u00a0kinh t\u1ebf\u00a0x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u1ef1u Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng than r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n g\u00ec!\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

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M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng B\u00ed th\u01b0\u00a0\u0111\u1ea3ng\u00a0n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u00a0\u201cm\u01b0u m\u1eb9o\u201d\u00a0chuy\u00ean\u00a0quy\u1ec1n, khuynh lo\u00e1t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3ng\u00a0u\u1ef7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra\u00a0nhi\u1ec1u\u00a0\u1edf c\u1ea3 c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng\u00a0c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t\u00a0hay hai\u00a0l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 khuynh lo\u00e1t (Stalin\u00a0\u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh \u1edf B\u1eafc H\u00e0n, L\u00ea\u00a0Du\u1ea9n-L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd\u00a0v\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng r\u1ed3i T\u00f4 L\u00e2m\u00a0\u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam).\u00a0Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u00a0c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3ng\u00a0u\u1ef7\u00a0b\u1ecb k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt x\u1ea3y ra r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0\u00a0t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng\u00a0ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c\u00a0u\u1ef7\u00a0vi\u00ean c\u00e2u k\u1ebft v\u1edbi B\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 tham nh\u0169ng.\u00a0Chi ph\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh-\u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eefa c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady,\u00a0ch\u00fang\u00a0t\u00f4i\u00a0tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u\u00a0b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c\u00a0gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0\u00a0sinh vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea3ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong Khoa X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng\u00a0v\u00e0 Khoa Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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V\u0169 T\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

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Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c, Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u Vi\u1ec7t-M\u1ef9\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\u00a0Oregon\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201c12 B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a The\u00a0Federalist\u00a0Papers: Nh\u1eefng Ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u00e2n.\u201d\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3:\u00a0Alexander\u00a0Hamilton,\u00a0James\u00a0Madison,\u00a0and\u00a0John\u00a0Jay\u00a0 D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3: Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3ng S\u01a1n\u00a0 S\u00e1ch c\u00f3 b\u00e1n online (b\u1ea5m v\u00e0o link d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 mua): Hard Cover, Soft Cover L\u1eddi\u00a0Gi\u1edbi Thi\u1ec7u\u00a0\u00a0 Trung T\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u Vi\u1ec7t-M\u1ef9 h\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh gi\u1edbi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":15004,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publications"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/usvietnamcenter.uoregon.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15003","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/usvietnamcenter.uoregon.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/usvietnamcenter.uoregon.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/usvietnamcenter.uoregon.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/usvietnamcenter.uoregon.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15003"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/usvietnamcenter.uoregon.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15003\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15089,"href":"https:\/\/usvietnamcenter.uoregon.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15003\/revisions\/15089"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/usvietnamcenter.uoregon.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15004"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/usvietnamcenter.uoregon.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15003"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/usvietnamcenter.uoregon.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15003"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/usvietnamcenter.uoregon.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}