{"id":24,"date":"2017-04-19T14:36:44","date_gmt":"2017-04-19T21:36:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bradshawlabdev.com\/?page_id=24"},"modified":"2026-04-21T13:28:32","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T20:28:32","slug":"complete-publications","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bradshaw-holzapfel-lab.uoregon.edu\/complete-publications\/","title":{"rendered":"Complete Publications"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Complete List Of Publications Of The Bradshaw-Holzapfel Lab<\/h1>\n<\/div>
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Genetic and genomic basis of blood-feeding in mosquitoes<\/a><\/p>\n

Genetic and physiological basis of biological timing<\/a><\/p>\n

Genetic and physiological response to rapid climate change<\/a><\/p>\n

Photoperiodism and seasonal development<\/a><\/p>\n

Genetics and life-history evolution<\/a><\/p>\n

Protandry and male fitness<\/a><\/p>\n

Population biology<\/a><\/p>\n

Island biogeography<\/a><\/p>\n

Mosquito biology<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>

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Genetic and genomic basis of blood-feeding in mosquitoes<\/h2>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Fletcher, M. C., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2023. Clock\u2010talk: have we forgotten about geographic variation? J Comp Physiol A 2023 [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Borowczak, R. J., Wood, M. A., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. Enhanced iteroparity and bet-hedging as correlated responses to direct selection on blood feeding in a mosquito. (Upcoming).<\/p>\n

Heilig, M., Sturiale, S. L., Marzec, S., Holzapfel, C. M., Bradshaw, W.E., Meuti, M. E., and Armbruster, P. A. Messenger RNA but not MicroRNA expression profiles differ between biting and non-biting Aedes albopictus from a single population. (Upcoming).<\/p>\n

Cooper, E.A., Noorai, R. E., Krishnan, K., Armbruster, P. A., Cohnstaedt, L., Holzapfel, C. M., and Bradshaw, W. E. The Wyeomyia smithii<\/em> genome: Blood feeding, clock genes, and more (Upcoming).<\/p>\n

Marzec, S., Siperstein, A., Zhou, A., Holzapfel, C. M., Bradshaw, W. E., Meuti, M. E., and Armbruster, P. A. 2023. MicroRNA expression prior to biting in a vector mosquito anticipates physiological processes related to energy utilization, reproduction and immunity. Insects 14:700 [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Kizziar, P., Borowczak, R. J., Kirsch, E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2022. Latent genetic effects of past selection on blood feeding: Why history matters. Insects 13:939 [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Siperstein, A., Marzec, S., Fritz, M. L., Holzapfel, C. M., Bradshaw, W. E., Armbruster, P. A., and Meuti, M. Conserved molecular pathways underlying biting in two divergent mosquito genera Evol Appl 15:878-890 [pdf]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Burkhart, J., Colbourne, J. K., Borowczak, R., Lopez, J., Denlinger, D. L., Reynolds, J. A., Pfrender, M. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2017. Evolutionary transition from blood feeding to obligate nonbiting in a mosquito. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA www.pnas.org\/cg\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1717502115 [pdf];<\/a> Commentary: Arbmruster, P. A. 2017. Molecular Pathways to Nonbiting Mosquitoes www.pnas.org\/cgi\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.172120911 [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1986. Variable iteroparity as a life-history tactic in the pitcher-plant mosquito Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Evolution 40:471-478. [pdf]<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1980. Blood feeding and capacity for increase in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/i>. Environ. Entomol. 9:86-89. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Genetic and physiological basis of biological timing<\/h2>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Fletcher, M. C., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2023. Clock\u2010talk: have we forgotten about geographic variation? J Comp Physiol A 2023 [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2017. Natural variation and genetics of the photoperiodic timer in Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Adv. Genet. 99:39-71 [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Denlinger, D. L., Hahn, D. A., Merlin, C., Holzapfel, C. M., and Bradshaw, W. E. 2017. Keeping time without a spine: what can the insect clock teach us about seasonal adaptation? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 372:20160257. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Tormey, D., Colbourne, J. K., Mockaitis, K., Choi, J.-H., Lopez, J., Burkhart, J., Bradshaw, W., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2015. Relative rate of circadian clock gene evolution between the sabethine mosquito Wyeomyia smithii<\/em> and six other insect taxa does not differ between core feedback-loop genes and their post-translational modifiers. BMC Genomics 16:754. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Merz, C., Catchen, J. M., Hanson-Smith, V., Emerson, K. J., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2013. Replicate phylogenies and post-glacial range expansion of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>, in North America. PLoS ONE 8:e72262. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Emerson, K. J., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2012. Genetic correlations and the evolution of photoperiodic time measurement within a local population of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Heredity 108:473-479. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Emerson, K. J., Catchen, J. M., Cresko, W. A., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2012. Footprints in time: comparative quantitative trait loci mapping of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Proc. R. Soc. B 279:4551-4558. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

O’Brien, C. S., Bourdo, R., Bradshaw, W. E., Holzapfel, C. M., and Cresko, W. A. 2012. Conservation of the photoperiodic neuroendocrine axis among vertebrates: Evidence from the teleost fish, Gasterosteus aculeatus<\/em>. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 178:19-27. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

O’Brien, C., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2011. Testing for causality in covarying traits: genes and latitude in a molecular world. Mol. Ecol. 20:2471-2476. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2010. What Season is it anyway? circadian tracking vs. photoperiodic anticipation in insects. J. Biol. Rhythms 25:155-165. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Emerson, K.J., Merz, C.R., Catchen, J. M., Hohenlohe, P. A., Cresko, W. A., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2010. Resolving postglacial phylogeography using high-throughput sequencing. PNAS 107:16196-16200. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Emerson, K.J., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2010. Microarrays reveal early transcriptional events during the termination of larval diapause in natural populations of the mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. PLoS ONE 5:e9574. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2010. Circadian clock genes, ovarian development and diapause. BMC Biology 8:115. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Emerson, K.J., Letaw, A.D., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2008. Extrinsic light:dark cycles, rather than endogenous circadian cycles, affect the photoperiodic counter in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. J. Comp. Physiology A 194:611 – 615. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Emerson, K.J., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2009. Complications of Complexity: Integrating environmental, genetic and hormonal control of insect diapause. Trends Genetics 25:217-225. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Emerson, K.J., Dake, S.J., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2009. Evolution of photoperiodic time measurement is independent of the circadian clock in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. J. Comp. Physiology A 195:385 – 391. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E. and Holzapfel, C.M. 2007. Tantalizing timeless<\/em>. Science 316:1851-1852. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Mathias, D.M., Jacky, L., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2007. Quantitative trait loci associated with photoperiodic response and stage of diapause in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Genetics 176:391 – 402. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E., Haggerty B.P., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2005. Epistasis underlying a fitness trait within a natural population of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Genetics 169:485-488. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E., Holzapfel, C.M., and Mathias, D. 2006. Circadian rhythmicity and photoperiodism in the pitcher-plant mosquito: Can the seasonal timer evolve independently of the circadian clock? Am. Nat. 167: 601 – 605. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Mathias, D., Reed, L.K., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2006. Evolutionary divergence of circadian and photoperiodic phenotypes in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. J. Biol. Rhythms 21: 132 – 139. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Quebodeaux, M. C., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2003. The contribution of an hourglass timer to the evolution of photoperiodic response in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Evolution 57(10):2342-2349. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Mathias, D.A., Jacky, L., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2005. Geographic and developmental variation in expression of the circadian rhythm gene, timeless<\/em>, in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. J. Insect Physiol. 51:661 – 667. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E., Quebodeaux, M.C., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2003. Circadian rhythmicity and photoperiodism in the pitcher-plant mosquito: Adaptive response to the seasonal environment or correlated response to climatic adaptation? Am. Nat. 161:735-748. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2001. Phenotypic evolution and the genetic architecture underlying photoperiodic time measurement. J. Insect Physiol. 47:809-820. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Holzapfel, C. M., and Davison, T. E. 1998. Hourglass and rhythmic components of photoperiodic time measurement in the pitcher plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Oecologia 117:486-495. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Lair, K. P., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1997. Evolutionary divergence of the genetic architecture underlying photoperiodism in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Genetics 147:1873-1883. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Wegis, M. C., Bradshaw, W. E., Davison, T. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1997. Rhythmic components of photoperiodic time measurement in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Oecologia 110:32-39. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2000. The evolution of genetic architectures and the divergence of natural populations. Pp. 245-263 in J. B. Wolf, E. D. Brodie, and M. Wade, Eds. Epistasis and the Evolutionary Process<\/em>. Oxford University Press. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hard, J. J., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1993. The genetic basis of photoperiodism and its evolutionary divergence among populations of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Am. Nat. 142:457-473. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Campbell, M. D., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1992. Genetic coordination of diapause in the pitcherplant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 85:445-451. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hard, J. J., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1992. Epistasis and the genetic divergence of photoperiodism between populations of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Genetics 131:389-396. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Phillips, D. L. 1980. Photoperiodism and the photic environment of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Oecologia 44:311-316. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1972. Action spectra for photoperiodic response in a diapausing mosquito. Science 175:1361-1362. [pdf]<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1970. Interaction of food and photoperiod in the termination of larval diapause in Chaoborus americanus<\/em> (Diptera: Culicidae). Biol. Bull. 139:476-484. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Genetic and physiological response to rapid climate change<\/h2>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2010. Light, time, and the physiology of biotic response to rapid climate change in animals. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 72:147-166. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2010. Insects at not so low temperatures: climate change in the temperate zone and its biotic consequences. Pp 242-275 in Denlinger, D. L., and R. E. Lee, eds. Low Temperature Biology of Insects<\/em>. Cambridge University Press. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2008. Genetic response to rapid climate change: it’s seasonal timing that matters. Mol. Ecol. 17:157 – 166. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E. and Holzapfel, C.M. 2006. Climate change – Evolutionary response to rapid climate change. Science 312:1477 – 1478. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E., Zani, P.A., and Holzapfel, C.M 2004. Adaptation to temperate climates. Evolution 58(8):1748 – 1762. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2001. Genetic shift in photoperiodic response correlated with global warming. Proc. Nat. Acad Sci. USA. 98:14509-14511. [pdf]<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n

Armbruster, P., Bradshaw, W. E., Steiner, A. L., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1999. Evolutionary response to environmental stress by the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Heredity 83:509-519. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Photoperiodism and seasonal development<\/h2>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Fletcher, M. C., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2023. Clock\u2010talk: have we forgotten about geographic variation? J Comp Physiol A 2023 [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2017. Natural Variation and genetics of the photoperiodic timer in Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Adv. Genet. 99:39-71. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Denlinger, D. L., Hahn, D. A., Merlin, C., Holzapfel, C. M., and Bradshaw, W. E. 2017. Keeping time without a spine: what can the insect clock teach us about seasonal adaptation? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 372:20160257. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

O’Brien, C., Unruh, L., Zimmerman, C., Bradshaw, W. E., Holzapfel, C. M., and Cresko, W. A. 2013. Geography of the circadian gene clock and photoperiodic response in western North American populations of the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus<\/em>. J. Fish Biol. 82:827-839. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Emerson, K.J., Uyemura, A.M., McDaniel, K.L., Schmidt P.S., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2009. Environmental control of ovarian dormancy in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster<\/em>. J. Comp. Physiol. A 195:825 – 829. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Yeates-Burghart, Q.S., O’Brien, C., Cresko, W.A., Holzapfel, C.M., and Bradshaw, W.E. 2009. Latitudinal variation in photoperiodic response of the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus<\/em> in western North America. J. Fish Biol 75:2075 – 2081. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Emerson, K.J., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2008. Concordance of the circadian clock with the environment is necessary to maximize fitness in natural populations. Evolution 62:979 – 983. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2007. Evolution of animal photoperiodism. Annu. Rev. Ecology, Evol. Syst. 38:1 – 25. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Mathias, D.M., Jacky, L., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2007. Quantitative trait loci associated with photoperiodic response and stage of diapause in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Genetics 176:391 – 402. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E. and Holzapfel, C.M. 2006. Climate change – Evolutionary response to rapid climate change. Science 312: 1477 – 1478. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E., Haggerty B.P., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2005. Epistasis underlying a fitness trait within a natural population of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Genetics 169:485-488. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E., Zani, P.A., and Holzapfel, C.M 2004. Adaptation to temperate climates. Evolution 58:1748 – 1762. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Quebodeaux, M. C., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2003. The contribution of an hourglass timer to the evolution of photoperiodic response in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Evolution 57:2342-2349. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E., Quebodeaux, M.C., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2003. Circadian rhythmicity and photoperiodism in the pitcher-plant mosquito: Adaptive response to the photic environment or correlated response to climatic adaptation? The American Naturalist 161:735-748. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2001. Genetic shift in photoperiodic response correlated with global warming. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 98:14509-14511. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2001. Phenotypic evolution and the genetic architecture underlying photoperiodic time measurement. J. Insect Physiol. 47:809-820. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1993. Evolution in seasonal environments. Pp. 121-133 in<\/em> M. Takeda and S. Tanaka, Eds. Seasonal Adaptation and Diapause in Insects.<\/em> Bun-ichi S\u00f4g\u00f4-Shuppan, Ltd., Tokyo. [English original; published in Japanese] [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Holzapfel, C. M., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1981. Geography of larval dormancy in the tree-hole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus<\/em> (Say). Can. J. Zool. 59:1014-1021. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1980. Thermoperiodism and the thermal environment of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Oecologia 46:13-17. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Phillips, D. L. 1980. Photoperiodism and the photic environment of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Oecologia 44:311-316. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Jordan, R. G. 1980. Geographic differentiation in the development of Aedes sierrensis<\/em> (Diptera:Culicidae) in nature. Can. Entomol. 112:205-210. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Jordan, R. G. 1980. Embryonic diapause in three populations of the western tree hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis<\/em>. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 73:357-359. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Jordan, R. G., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1978. Geographic variation in the photoperiodic response of the western tree-hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis<\/em>. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 71:487-490. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Lounibos, L. P. 1977. Evolution of dormancy and its photoperiodic control in pitcher-plant mosquitoes. Evolution 31:546-567. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1977. Interaction between photoperiod, temperature, and chilling in dormant larvae of the tree-hole mosquito, Toxorhynchites rutilus<\/em> Coq. Biol. Bull. 152:147-158. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1976. Geography of photoperiodic response in a diapausing mosquito. Nature 262:384-386. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1975. Biology of tree-hole mosquitoes: photoperiodic control of development in northern Toxorhynchites rutilus<\/em> (Coq.). Can. J. Zool. 53:889-893. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Lounibos, L. P., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1975. A second diapause in Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>: seasonal incidence and maintenance by photoperiod. Can. J. Zool. 53:215-221. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1974. Photoperiodic control of development in Chaoborus americanus<\/em> with special reference to photoperiodic action spectra. Biol. Bull. 146:11-19. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1974. Phenology and seasonality modeling in insects. Pp. 127-137 in<\/em> H. Lieth, ed. Phenology and Seasonality Modeling. Springer-Verlag, New York. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1973. Photoperiodism in Orthopodomyia signifera<\/em>. Can. J. Zool. 51:355-357. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1973. Homeostasis and polymorphism in vernal development of Chaoborus americanus<\/em>. Ecology 54:1247-1259. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1972. Action spectra for photoperiodic response in a diapausing mosquito. Science 175:1361-1362. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Lounibos, L. P. 1972. Photoperiodic control of development in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Can. J. Zool. 50:713-719. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1972. Photoperiodic control in the initiation of diapause by Chaoborus americanus<\/em>. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 65:755-756. [pdf]<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1970. Interaction of food and photoperiod in the termination of larval diapause in Chaoborus americanus<\/em> (Diptera: Culicidae). Biol. Bull. 136:476-484. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1969. Major environmental factors inducing the termination of larval diapause in Chaoborus americanus<\/em> Johannsen (Diptera: Culicidae). Biol. Bull. 136:2-8. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Genetics and life-history evolution<\/h2>\n

Borowczak, R. J., Wood, M. A., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. Enhanced iteroparity and bet-hedging as correlated responses to direct selection on blood feeding in a mosquito. (Upcoming).<\/p>\n

Miller, T., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2018. Pitcher-plant communities as model systems for addressing fundamental questions in ecology and evolution. Ch. 24 in A. M. Ellison and L. Adamec, Eds. Carnivorous Plants: Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution.<\/em> Oxford University Press, Oxford. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Emerson, K.J., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2008. Concordance of the circadian clock with the environment is necessary to maximize fitness in natural populations. Evolution 62:979 – 983. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E., Haggerty B.P., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2005. Epistasis underlying a fitness trait within a natural population of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Genetics 169:485-488. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Armbruster, P., Bradshaw, W. E., Ruegg, K., and Holzapfel, C. 2001. Geographic variation and the evolution of reproductive allocation in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Evolution 55:439-444. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Armbruster, P., Bradshaw, W. E., Steiner, A. L., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1999. Evolutionary response to environmental stress by the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Heredity 83:509-519. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Armbruster, P. A., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1998. Fitness consequences of hibernal diapause in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Ecology 79:1458-1462. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Pfrender, M., Bradshaw, W. E., and Kleckner, C. A. 1998. Patterns in the geographical range sizes of ectotherms in North America. Oecologia 115:439-444. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Armbruster, P., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1997. Evolution of the genetic architecture underlying fitness in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Evolution 51:451-458. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1996. Genetic constraints to life-history evolution in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Evolution 50:1176-1181. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Holzapfel, C. M., and O’Neill, T. 1993. Egg size and reproductive allocation in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. J. Med. Entomol. 30:384-390. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hard, J. J., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1993. Genetic coordination of demography and phenology in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. J. Evol. Biol. 6:707-723. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hard, J. J., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1993. Reproductive allocation in the western tree-hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis<\/em>. Oikos 66:55-65. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1990. Present and future insect life-cycle evolution. Pp. 243-251 in<\/em> F. Gilbert, ed., Insect Life Cycles: Genetics, Evolution, and Coordination<\/em>. Springer-Verlag, London. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1990. Evolution of phenology and demography in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Pp. 47-67 in<\/em> F. Gilbert, ed. Insect Life Cycles: Genetics, Evolution, and Coordination<\/em>. Spring-Verlag, London. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1989. Life-historical consequences of density-dependent selection in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Am. Nat.133:869-887. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., 1986. Geography of density-dependent selection in pitcher-plant mosquitoes. Pp. 48-65 in F. Taylor and R. Karban, eds. The Evolution of Insect Life Cycles. Springer-Verlag, New York. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1986. Pervasive themes in insect life-cycle strategies. Pp. 261-275 in<\/em> F. Taylor and R. Karban, eds. The Evolution of Insect Life Cycles<\/em>. Springer-Verlag, New York. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1983. Life-cycle strategies in Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>: Seasonal and geographic adaptations. Pp. 167-185 in<\/em> Brown, V. K., and I. Hodek, eds. Diapause and Life Cycle Strategies in Insects<\/em>. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. [pdf]<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1980. Blood feeding and capacity for increase in the pitcher-plant mosquito,Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Environ. Entomol. 9:86-89. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Protandry and male fitness<\/h2>\n

Holzapfel, C. M., and Bradshaw, W. E. 2002. Protandry: the relationship between emergence time and male fitness in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Ecology 83:607-611. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Holzapfel, C. M., Kleckner, C. A., and Hard, J. J. 1997. Heritability of development time and protandry in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Ecology 78:969-976. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kleckner, C., Hawley, W. A., Bradshaw, W. E., Holzapfel, C. M., and Fisher, I. J. 1995. Protandry in Aedes sierrensis<\/em>: The significance of temporal variation in female fecundity. Ecology 76:1242-1250. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Benjamin, S. N., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1994. Effects of body size and flight activity on malereproductive success in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em> (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 87:331-336. [pdf]<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n

Benjamin, S. N., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1993. Male reproductive success in Wyeomyia smithii<\/em> (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 86:594-598. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Population biology<\/h2>\n

Borowczak, R. J., Wood, M. A., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. Enhanced iteroparity and bet-hedging as correlated responses to direct selection on blood feeding in a mosquito. (Upcoming).<\/p>\n

Miller, T.E., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2018. Pitcher-plant communities as model systems for addressing fundamental questions in ecology and evolution. Ch. 24 in A. M. Ellison and L. Adamec, eds. Carnivorous Plants: Physiology, ecology, and evolution.<\/em> Oxford University Press, Oxford. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Merz, C., Catchen, J.M., Hanson-Smith, V., Emerson, K.J., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2013. Replicate phylogenies and post-glacial range expansion of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>, in North America. PLoS ONE 8:e72262. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Emerson, K.J., Merz, C.R., Catchen, J. M., Hohenlohe, P. A., Cresko, W. A., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2010. Resolving postglacial phylogeography using high-throughput sequencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107:16196-16200. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Franks, S.J., Avise, J.C., Bradshaw, W.E., Conner J.K., Etterson, J.R., Mazer, S.J., Shaw, R.G., Weis, A.E. 2008. The Resurrection Initiative: Storing ancestral genotypes to capture evolution in action. BioScience 58:870-873. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bergland, A.O., Agotsch, M, Mathias, D., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C. 2005. Factors influencing the seasonal life history of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Ecol Entomol 30:129 – 137. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Zani, P.A., Swanson, S.E.T., Corbin D., Cohnstaedt, L.W., Agotsch, M.D., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2005. Geographic variation in tolerance of transient thermal stress in the mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Ecology 86:1206 – 1211. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Zani, P.A., Cohnstaedt, L.W., Corbin, D., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C. 2005. Reproductive value in a complex life cycle: heat tolerance of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. J Evol Biol. 18:101 – 105.[pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W.E., Zani, P.A., and Holzapfel, C.M 2004. Adaptation to temperate climates. Evolution 58:1748 – 1762. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., Fujiyama, S., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2000. Adaptation to the thermal climate of North America by the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Ecology 81:1262-1272. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2000. The evolution of genetic architectures and the divergence of natural populations. Pp. 245-263 in J. Wolf, E. D. Brodie, and M. Wade, Eds. Epistasis and the Evolutionary Process<\/em>. Oxford University Press. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Maci\u00e1, A., and Bradshaw, W. E. 2000. Seasonal availability of resources and habitat degradation for the western tree-hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis<\/em>. Oecologia 125:55-65. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Armbruster, P. A., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1998. Effects of postglacial range expansion on allozyme and quantitative genetic variation in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Evolution 52:1697-1704. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Broberg, L., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1995. Density-dependent development in Wyeomyia smithii<\/em> (Diptera: Culicidae): Intraspecific competition is not the result of interference. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 88:465-470. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Johnson, K. 1995. Initiation of metamorphosis in the pitcher-plant mosquito: Effects of larval growth history. Ecology 76:2055-2065. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1992. Reproductive consequences of density-dependent size variation in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em> (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 85:274-281. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1992. Resource limitation, habitat segregation, and species interaction of British tree-hole mosquitoes in nature. Oecologia 90:227-237. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Broadie, K. S., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1991. Mechanisms of interference competition in the western tree-hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis<\/em>. Ecol. Entomol. 16:145-154. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M., 1991. Fitness and habitat segregation of British tree-hole mosquitoes. Ecol. Entomol. 16:133-144. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Fisher, I. J., Bradshaw, W. E., and Kammeyer, C. 1990. Fitness and its correlates assessed by and intra- and interspecific interactions among tree-hole mosquitoes. J. Anim. Ecol. 59:819-829. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hard, J. J., Bradshaw, W. E., and Malarkey, D. J., 1989. Resource- and density-dependent development in tree-hole mosquitoes. Oikos 54:137-144. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1988. Drought and the organization of tree-hole mosquito communities. Oecologia 74:507-514. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1986. Variable iteroparity as a life-history tactic in the pitcher-plant mosquito Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. Evolution 40:471-478. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1986. Geography of density-dependent selection in pitcher-plant mosquitoes. Pp. 48-65 in<\/em> F. Taylor and R. Karban, eds. The Evolution of Insect Life Cycles<\/em>. Springer-Verlag, New York. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1986. Habitat segregation among tree-hole mosquitoes. Nat. Geogr. Res. 2:167-178. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1985. The distribution and abundance of tree-hole mosquitoes in eastern North America: Perspectives from north Florida. Pp. 3-23 in<\/em> J. R. Rey, L. P. Lounibos, and J. H. Frank, eds. Ecology of Mosquitoes: Proceedings of a Workshop<\/em>. Florida Medical Entomology Laboratories, Vero Beach, FL. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hawley, W. A. 1985. Population dynamics of Aedes sierrensis<\/em>. Pp. 167-184 in<\/em> J. R. Rey, L. P. Lounibos, and J. H. Frank, eds. Ecology of Mosquitoes: Proceedings of a Workshop.<\/em> Florida Medical Entomology Laboratories, Vero Beach, FL. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hawley, W.A. 1985. A high fecundity Aedine: factors affecting egg production of the western treehole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis<\/em> (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 22:220-225. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hawley, W.A. 1985. The effect of larval density on adult longevity of a mosquito, Aedes sierrensis<\/em>: epidemiological consequences. J. Anim. Ecol. 54:955-964. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Creelman, R. 1984. Mutualism between the carnivorous purple pitcher plant and its inhabitants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 112: 294-304. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1984. Seasonal development of tree-hole mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and chaoborids in relation to weather and predation. J. Med. Entomol. 21:366-378. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1983 Predator-mediated, non-equilibrium coexistence of tree-hole mosquitoes in southeastern North America. Oecologia (Berlin) 57: 239-256. [pdf]<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1983. Interaction between the mosquito Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>, the midge, Metriocnemus knabi<\/em>, and their carnivorous host Sarracenia purpurea<\/em>. Pp. 161-189 in<\/em> J. H. Frank and L. P. Lounibos, eds. Phytotelmata: Terrestrial Plants as Hosts for Aquatic Insect Communities.<\/em> Plexus Publishing, Medford, NJ. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Island biogeography<\/h2>\n

Lems, K., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1974. Flora of the Canary Islands: the Cruciferae, the Crassulaceae, and the ferns and their allies. Ann. INIA\/Ser.: Prod. Veg.\/N.4. 1974:165- 273. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Holzapfel, C. M. 1972. Evolution in the Canary Islands III. Two new Arminda<\/em> (Orthoptera: Catantopinae) from the Canary Islands, with notes on the Arminda bruneri<\/em> complex on Tenerife. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 662:1-16. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Holzapfel, C. M., and Cantrall, I. J. 1972. Evolution in the Canary Islands V. The genus Calliphona<\/em> (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 663:1-22. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Lems, K., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1971. Adaptation of growth form in Echium leucophaeum<\/em> (Boraginaceae). Ecology 52:499- 506. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Lems, K., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1971. Botanical notes on the Canary Islands VI. The Echium decaisnei<\/em> complex. Bol. Inst. Nac. Invest. Agron. Madrid (1): 189-196. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Lems, K., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1968. Evolution in the Canary Islands I. Phylogenetic relations in the genus Echium<\/em> (Boraginaceae) as shown by trichome development. Bot. Gaz. 129:95-107. [pdf]<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n

Lems, K., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1968. Evolution in the Canary Islands II. Revision of the annual and biennial species of Echium<\/em> (Boraginaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 95:37-57.[pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Mosquito biology<\/h2>\n

Miller, T. E., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2018. Pitcher-plant communities as model systems for addressing fundamental questions in ecology and evolution. Ch. 24 in A. M. Ellison and L. Adamec, Eds. Carnivorous Plants: Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution.<\/em>. Oxford University Press, Oxford. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hoekman, D., and 17 others. 2016. Design for mosquito abundance, diversity, and phenology sampling within the National Ecological Observatory Network. Ecosphere 7:e013520 [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Springer, Y., and 47 others. 2016. Tick-, mosquito-, and rodent-borne parasite sampling designs for the National Ecological Observatory Network. Ecosphere 7:e01271. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Broberg, L. E., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1997. Lambornella clarki<\/em> (Ciliophora: Tetrahymenidae) resistance in Aedes sierrensis<\/em>: Population differentiation in a quantitative trait and allozyme loci. J. Med. Entomol. 34:38-45. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1991. Life in a deathtrap. Natural History July:34-36. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kleckner, C., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1991. Giemsa stain as a marker in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii<\/em>. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Assoc. 7:654-656. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bradshaw, W. E. 1983. Estimating biomass of mosquito populations.\u00a0Environ. Entomol. 12:779-781. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n

Holzapfel, C. M., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1976. Rearing of Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis<\/em> (Diptera: Culicidae) from Florida and Pennsylvania with notes on their pre-diapause and pupal development. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 69:1062-1064. [pdf]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>

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